merge ibes with compustat

To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. The score also includes a penalty for differences in */, /* company names-- CNAME in IBES and COMNAM in CRSP. Browse other questions tagged, Start here for a quick overview of the site, Detailed answers to any questions you might have, Discuss the workings and policies of this site. For generic linking, WRDS suggests to link based on ISIN (see https://wrds-www.wharton.upenn.edu/pages/support/manuals-and-overviews/thomson-reuters/datastream/refinitiv-datastream-overview/), while others propose as alternative to link based on CUSIP (e.g., https://libguides.princeton.edu/MatchFinancial). Data exported from Capital IQ, FactSet, Bloomberg, Compustat, how to treat NA values in Compustat and CRSP, Bloomberg Ticker mapping with Reuters RIC, Old codes for Companies (CUSIP/ISIN/SEDOL). The main problem of linking Compustat with IBES is not the fact that Compustat's cusip is 9 character, whereas IBES is 8-character. The name penalty is */, /* based upon SPEDIS, which is the spelling distance function in SAS. Another question is regarding the shares outstanding. MM-dd= 2 digit Month-2 digit day, CUSIP Master file names: SHARE. July 1, 2022. Common Identifier Used for Linking - SEDOL. SEC 13F Security List has incorrect CUSIP numbers? Collections, Events Select the Slide Deck for a guided assignment on this topic. Work fast with our official CLI. Login or. That said, you can save the observations which did not match by cusip and try a second merge by ticker. These files are intended for use with the CRSP SAS and ACII stock files and Compustat data files that contain GVKEYs and IIDs. Most effective way to merge COMPUSTAT annual and CRSP monthly stock return file. But I think the CIK in AA is historical. * Create 8-digit CUSIP using "NAMES" file; data compcusip (keep = gvkey cusip cusip8 tic); *Extract CRSP Cusip from "STOCKNAMES" file; proc sort data=crsp.stocknames (keep=cusip permco permno)out=crspcusip nodupkey; * Merge Compusat cusip with CRSP cusip and create table "total"; where compcusip.cusip8 = crspcusip.cusip; * Selected GVKEYS-- use quotes to be consistent with character variables; * Date range-- applied to FYEAR (Fiscal Year); * Make extract from Compustat Quarterly Funda file; if indfmt='INDL' and datafmt='STD' and popsrc='D' and consol='C'; * create begin and end dates for fiscal year; sxa= sale/at; * compute sales over assets ratio; /****************************************************************************************. I wonder is there any way to adjust that? I was wondering if you're still looking for an answer. Could we access the autoexec.sas file in home directory via PC SAS Connect? Also see the Stanford guide. Here I document several SAS programs for annual, quarterly and monthly data, inspired by and adapted from several examples from the WRDS. The CRSP item names match the Compustat mnemonic names wherever possible. Easily Link tables between the most frequently-used databases on the WRDS platform: Bond-CRSP Link Directly link fixed income data at the individual bond level to the equity data from the CRSP database. The best answers are voted up and rise to the top, Start here for a quick overview of the site, Detailed answers to any questions you might have, Discuss the workings and policies of this site. more, Roberts Dealscan-Compustat Linking Database, CUSIP=Latest 8 digit Cusip; NCUSIP=Historic (original ipo), Modified Ticker; U: for NYSE and AMEX; @ for Nasdaq; Dead stocks 6 digit codes; ISIN, No but can use ISIN or put U before the 8 digit CUSIP. Hey,I also want to merge international, so non-US, firms from Compustat Global with analyst data from IBES but I am not able to do it. snauhaus / link_compustat_ibes Public. CRISP is maintained by Chicago Booth CRSP, and Compustat by S&P. Thank you in advance! And in case ISIN is better, where do I find it in CRSP/Compustat data? ACMD[MM-dd]E.PIP : Issue File /* determine file path (for relative paths) */, /* syslput pushes macro variables to the remote connection */, /* upload iclink.sas (file iclink needs to be in same directory as this file) */, /* execute iclink.sas (creates home.iclink) */, /* Firms in Compustat in fiscal year range*/, /* require fyear to be within start-end range */, /* Match with CCM linktable to get permno */, /* Match with home.iclink to get Ibes ticker */, /*******************************************************************************************/, /* FileName: iclink.sas */, /* Date: Sept 25, 2006 */, /* Author: Rabih Moussawi */, /* Description: Create IBES - CRSP Link Table */, /* FUNCTION: - Creates a link table between IBES TICKER and CRSP PERMNO */, /* - Scores links from 0 (best link) to 6 */, /* */, /* INPUT: */, /* - IBES: IDUSM file */, /* - CRSP: STOCKNAMES file */, /* OUTPUT: ICLINK set stored in home directory */, /* ICLINK has 15,187 unique IBES TICKER - CRSP PERMNO links */, /* ICLINK contains IBES TICKER and the matching CRSP PERMNO and other fields: */, /* - IBES and CRSP Company names */, /* - SCORE variable: lower scores are better and high scores may need further */, /* checking before using them to link CRSP & IBES data. 500+ institutions in 38 countries - supporting 75,000+ researchers. This asks the script to create a link table in the user's home path. Using the CRSP/Compustat Merged Database (CCM) to extract data is one of the fundamental steps in most finance studies. merge ibes with compustat. The main problem of linking Compustat with IBES is not the fact that Compustat's cusip is 9 character, whereas IBES is 8-character. Both I obtained via WRDS. *, b.ibtic from aa2 a left join */, /* In computing the score, a CUSIP match is considered better than a */, /* TICKER match. intck('month',a.endfyr,b.date)between 3 and 14; proc download data=comp_CRSP out=mylocal.ccmfundaex; *download output dataset to local location; * STEP FIVE: CUSIP Method to Link IBES TICKERS and CRSP PERMNOs; * Complete list of the IBES TICKERs for all U.S. companies tracked by IBES, ** Generate a complete list of the IBES TICKERs for US companies along with all associated historical CUSIPs. Shouldnt we keep the ones with highest scores? Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, and our products. Issuer file: ALLCMMASTER_ISSUER.PIP.zip Fork 4. By using WRDS tools, researches can easily perform the following operations: CRSP> Tools > Translate toPERMCO/PERMNO, https://libguides.stanford.edu/library/wrds. I could not find this table in my WRDS account. Download link table between various heavily used databases on WRDS platform, such as. for example permno 49322 link to IBES ticker ARB and ARLI, both score are zero. (NCUSIPis a historical eight digitCUSIPassigned at the equity issue). A restatement disclosure may affect financial statements in several prior years. To convert 6 digit CUSIPs to 8 digit CUSIPs and vice versa, see the Cusip FAQ. It's clickable information that the user was last active. Redoing the align environment with a specific formatting. I tried to use the CCM linking table, but then I am left with Canadian firms only, so this is no opportunity.I tried to use the ISIN and SEDOL from Compustat to obtain the IBES CUSIP but that does not work either. Minimising the environmental effects of my dyson brain. Therefore matching through Cusips is likely to be correct for many cases but not all. Macro that creates a dataset with Compustat, CRSP and IBES identifiers (gvkey, permno, Ibes ticker), @compvars: list of variables to get from compustat, default value: at sale ceq ni, @minscore: ibes iclink minimum score (0 [default] is best score, 6 worst, see iclink.sas). Clone with Git or checkout with SVN using the repositorys web address. What is the advantage of retrieving the fundamental data from Compustat and combine that with the link table over directly retrieving the fundamental data from the CRSP/Compustat Merged dataset? My aim is to match the earning forecast and the actual earnings. Python script to create a mapping table between I/B/E/S and Compustat. I would guess that they produce slightly different results, since my script doesn't account for the date as the SAS script does, Mapping I/B/E/S to Compustat via 6-digit CUSIP, We've added a "Necessary cookies only" option to the cookie consent popup, Quantitative Finance site design and logo Draft, Mapping international firms in I/B/E/S to Compustat, Mapping symbols between tickers, Reuters RICs and Bloomberg tickers. as select a. GVKEY (Global Company Key) is a unique number assigned to each company in the Compustat-Capital IQ database. The difference between the phonemes /p/ and /b/ in Japanese. Quantitative Finance Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for finance professionals and academics. The option -m (or --method) can be used to specify the method with which the two tables should be merged (see above). WRDS - create dataset with Compustat, CRSP and IBES identifiers. Star 12. Is there a way to combine the two databases for international (also not cross-listed) firms? ** Only observations with non-missing CUSIP are retained; ** rows with duplicate CUSIP information for each IBES TICKER should be deleted, ** SDATES variable for the company identifying information tracks start dates. Hi Kai, SAS macro to get analysts EPS consensus for a given fiscal period end (DATADATE) by a selected date (DATE), https://wrds-web.wharton.upenn.edu/wrds/support/Additional%20Support/WRDS%20Knowledge%20Base%20with%20FAQs.cfm?folder_id=658&article_id=2837, A test on Stata running speed on MacBook Pro (M1 Pro chip) and old Macs, My thoughts on Python for accounting research, Use Stata to do propensity score matching (PSM), Export a SAS dataset to Stata with all variable names converted to lowercase, Calculate delta (pay-performance sensitivity), vega (risktaking incentives), and firm-specific wealth (inside equity) for executives on Execucomp, Use Python to download lawsuit data from Stanford Law Schools Securities Class Action Clearinghouse, Stata command to create Fama-French industry classifications based on SIC codes. data ibeslink; set ibeslink; I want to ask two question regarding the merge between the Compstat and IBES dataset. But why you only keep the first.permno? Thank you for posting and sharing your code! The main issue is that Compustat Cusip is header (most recent), whereas IBES Cusip is historical (as of date). Easily Link tables between the most frequently-used databases on the WRDS platform: The Bond CRSP Link requires subscriptions to TRACE/Enhanced TRACE and CRSP databases; the IBES CRSP Link requires subscriptions to IBES and CRSP databases; the OptionMetrics CRSP Link requires subscriptions to OptionMetrics and CRSP databases; both the Daily and the Monthly TAQ CRSP Links require subscriptions to either daily or monthly TAQ and CRSP databases; the BoardEx CRSP Compustat Link requires subscriptions to BoardEx, CRSP, and Compustat; the Refinitiv/Thomson Reuters Insiders to BoardEx link requires subscriptions to Refinitiv/Thomson Reuters Insiders and BoardEx; the Supply Chain with IDs requires subscriptions to Compustat, CRSP and CCM. I am trying to link Thomson Reuter's I/B/E/S dataset with Compustat. Chat and It does not require any input other than valid WRDS login credentials. Instantly share code, notes, and snippets. If you want a more comprehensive map between GVKEY and IBES Ticker, check out on of the recent, research applications on WRDS (P/E Ratio), which demonstrates how to obtain a linking table, between GVKEY and IBES Ticker using CRSP-Compustat Merged product as well as WRDS ICLINK product).*/. I want to perform a joint analysis of US stocks and exUS stocks. ACMD[MM-dd]R.PIP : Issuer file MathJax reference. CUSIP Daily file names: I also want to merge international, so non-US, firms from Compustat Global with analyst data from IBES but I am not able to do it. CUSIP Master File as of January 11, 2020. Learn more. Further, when two duplicate observations have the same score, why we should keep the first.permno? By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. How can we prove that the supernatural or paranormal doesn't exist? ** The data needs to be arranged by deleting rows with duplicate CUSIP information for each PERMNO. Moreover, most forecasted measures, such as ROA or turnover, also seem firm-specific, not security-specific to me. I'm trying to merge two databases with each other: IBES with COMPUSTAT. Sorry, no, but clearly the thread is visible again. The following program is used to link each financial restatement in Audit Analytics to Compustat, CRSP, and I/B/E/S. proc sql; The most standard identifiers, such as companies tickers and CUSIPs, tend to change over time. Stack Exchange network consists of 181 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. You do not have permission to delete messages in this group, Either email addresses are anonymous for this group or you need the view member email addresses permission to view the original message. If yes, how can I do that?By the way, I am also using Stata. While there are many people on this forum who do finance analytics, and I hope that one of them will give you the answer you are looking for, you might have better luck if you also cross-post this to a user-forum related specifically to COMPUSTAT, IBES, or finance analytics generally. Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. Also ensure you are SSHing the right server (wrds-cloud.wharton.upenn.edu) since WRDS is transitioning to its new Cloud server recently. The option -m (or --method) can be used to specify the method with which the two tables should be merged (see above). It only takes a minute to sign up. GitHub. My code is GPL licensed, can I issue a license to have my code be distributed in a specific MIT licensed project? I tried to use the CCM linking table, but then I am left. label fdate="First Start date of CUSIP record"; label ldate="Last Start date of CUSIP record"; ** Similarly, we will prepare the CRSP PERMNO CUSIP set using the STOCKNAMES dataset. MathJax reference. WRDS offers just such tools of commonly used link resources. The main issue is that Compustat Cusip is header. Do you think there would be some observations lost if we simply match these two sets by the CIK code? to use Codespaces. How to download all stocks from NYSE, AMEX and Nasdaq from CRSP without entering individual company codes? Guide to matching data in major financial databases. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. crabapple vs cherry tree / a thunderstorm is a connection between what two spheres / a thunderstorm is a connection between what two spheres Your email address will not be published. On Home page, select CRSP > CRSP/Compustat Merged > Linking Table. Corporate actions (name change, merger, reorganization, chapter 11 or reverse stock split) Wharton Research Data Services. How to show that an expression of a finite type must be one of the finitely many possible values? solar mosaic subordination. The Compustat-CRSP merged (CCM) database itself is a product that already contains all of the CRSP pricing data and all of Compustat's fundamental data merged into one product. which makes use of the WRDS macro iclink to merge CRSP and IBES: https://wrds-web.wharton.upenn.edu/wrds/research/macros/sas_macros/iclink.cfm. You signed in with another tab or window. Thank you very much!! Thanks a lot. Issue file: ALLCMMASTER_ISSUE.PIP.gz. Compustat - GVKEY. My question is, why wouldn't we just use the 6-digit CUSIP to map the two datasets? How to link or merge CRSP/Compustat with Datastream/Worldscope, https://wrds-www.wharton.upenn.edu/pages/support/manuals-and-overviews/thomson-reuters/datastream/refinitiv-datastream-overview/, https://libguides.princeton.edu/MatchFinancial, We've added a "Necessary cookies only" option to the cookie consent popup, Quantitative Finance site design and logo Draft. Example: COMPUSTAT DATA: gvkey datadate yr indfmt consol popsrc datafmt tic cusip Thanks for contributing an answer to Quantitative Finance Stack Exchange! For historical analysis on securities, researchers use permanent identifiers, such as PERMNO, PERMCO, and GVKEY that never change for the duration of the companys life span regardless of the name changes or other instances and are never being reused. The short and intermediate-term risk-adjusted returns associated with the earnings announcements are also calculated. You can browse but not post. */, /* "SCORE" levels: */, /* - 0: BEST match: using (cusip, cusip dates and company names) */, /* or (exchange ticker, company names and 6-digit cusip) */, /* - 1: Cusips and cusip dates match but company names do not match */, /* - 2: Cusips and company names match but cusip dates do not match */, /* - 3: Cusips match but cusip dates and company names do not match */, /* - 4: Exch tickers and 6-digit cusips match but company names do not match */, /* - 5: Exch tickers and company names match but 6-digit cusips do not match */, /* - 6: Exch tickers match but company names and 6-digit cusips do not match */, /* ICLINK Example: */, /* TICKER CNAME PERMNO COMNAM SCORE */, /* BAC BANKAMERICA CORPORATION 58827 BANKAMERICA CORP 0 */, /* DELL DELL INC 11081 DELL INC 0 */, /* FFS 1ST FED BCP DEL 75161 FIRST FEDERAL BANCORP DE 3 */, /* IBM INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES 12490 INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHS CO 0 */, /* MSFT MICROSOFT CORP 10107 MICROSOFT CORP 0 */. Dealscan records can be linked to Compustat using the Roberts Dealscan-Compustat Linking Database. AA collects restatement disclosure. (most recent), whereas IBES Cusip is hsitorical (as of date). COMPUSTAT database is using a 9 CUSIP code as identifier and IBES is using 8 CUSIP code as identifier. wealth rank calculator australia; merge ibes with compustat. To use, do the following: Step 1: Apply company codes individually, or as a list, or choose the entire database. For US stocks, I want to use CRSP-Compustat linked data (linking can be done using CRSP/Compustat Merged Database - Linking Table), and for the exUS stocks, I want to use Datastream-Worldscope linked data (linking can be done using Worldscope Datastream Link). * from compcusip, crspcusip where compcusip.cusip8 =. How to handle a hobby that makes income in US. Thanks very much! For US stocks, I want to use CRSP-Compustat linked data (linking can be done using CRSP/Compustat Merged Database - Linking Table ), and for the exUS stocks, I want to use Datastream-Worldscope linked data (linking can be done using Worldscope Datastream Link ). Is this Security table still available on WRDS? Thank you for your reply! Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. PERMCO and PERMNO are unique permanent identification numbers assigned by CRSP to all companies listed in CRSP dataset. I would be greateful for your help. It helps me a lot! Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, and our products. (located in /wrds/comp/sasdata/na/security/). destiny 2 player base by platform. The main issue is that Compustat Cusip is header (most recent), whereas IBES Cusip is historical (as of date). . merge ibes with compustat Menu shinedown problematic. Is there a proper earth ground point in this switch box? Each restatement disclosure may restate multiple financial statements. IBES TICKER ANNDATS ACTDATS ESTIMATOR ANALYS FORECAST VALUE ACTUAL ANNDATS_ACT FPEDATS AMZN 20-May-98 20-May-98 86 42186 -2.5 -3.102 26-Jan-99 31-Dec-98 WRDS has a few research applications intended to demonstrate possible approaches that can, be used in order to merge Compustat GVKEY to IBES ticker. You signed in with another tab or window. Do new devs get fired if they can't solve a certain bug? By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. Can the Spiritual Weapon spell be used as cover? Furthermore there is also a IBES ticker but this one is not the same as the ticker from COMPUSTAT. Issues. Wharton Research Data Services. * 14,591 IBES TICKERs matched to CRSP PERMNOs; /* Score links using CUSIP date range and company name spelling distance */, /* Idea: date ranges the same cusip was used in CRSP and IBES should intersect */. * STEP THREE: Link GVKEYS to CRSP Identifiers; * Use CCMXPF_LNKHIST table to obtain CRSP identifiers for our subset of companies/dates; *****************************************************************************************/. Dear Kai, I tried both now and the main issue with the CUSIP method seems to be that when the ownership of a company changes, the two historic and header CUSIPs track the change differently on occasion. * CRSP exchange ticker renamed to crsp_ticker to avoid confusion with IBES TICKER; /* Merge remaining unmatched cases using Exchange Ticker */, /* Note: Use ticker date ranges as exchange tickers are reused overtime */, /* Score using company name using 6-digit CUSIP and company name spelling distance */, /* Some companies may have more than one TICKER-PERMNO link, */, /* so re-sort and keep the case (PERMNO & Company name from CRSP) */, /* that gives the lowest score for each IBES TICKER (first.ticker=1) */, /* Step 3: Add Exchange Ticker links to CUSIP links */, /* Create final link table and save it in home directory */, /* Create Labels for ICLINK dataset and variables */. Why is there a voltage on my HDMI and coaxial cables? We do the hard work for you of mapping our PERMNO's to their GVKEY codes. Pull requests. It will download I/B/E/S, CRSP, and a Compustat-CRSP linktable from WRDS SQL server and merge the three tables in order to create a linktable for I/B/E/S and Compustat. Discrepancies between EPS actuals in IBES and Compustat . The only halfway useful info I could find was on a two year old forum post, which suggests to go through a third database (CRSP) via a link table. Do you have an Internet link for this table? why is poverty island closed to the public MSY: 1021 Airline Dr, Kenner, LA 70062 (Free Shuttle) 8:00 - 23:00 24-Hour Drop Off Text / WhatsApp: 504-500-1885 merge ibes with compustat (504) 500-1880. create table aa1 The following code will delete the duplicate observations. Dear Kai, positions are temporary quotes. script: link_compustat_ibis.py author: Steffen Nauhaus date: Spring 2018 This script creates a mapping table between IBES and Compustat. ; Daily TAQ-CRSP Link TAQ symbol root and CRSP PERMNO. Please IBES "Split" Dates are Jun 18, 1998 and Jan 14, 1999. In some rare instances, CRSP must provide a different name from Compustat's in order to maintain uniqueness across the Compustat data groups and Is it correct to use "the" before "materials used in making buildings are"? Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. Supply Chain with IDs (Compustat Segment). To ensure that the data from different datasets applies to the same company, researchers need tools to convert permanent identifiers from one to another or to link data from different datasets for the same companies. The standard way of doing the matching is indeed as you say to through CRSP. A python script to create a mapping table between I/B/E/S and Compustat. For this post, I have got one question: Thank you for your material. Tabs Key Features Documentation Comprehensive data There are many scripts out there that can do the matching for you. Thanks deeply for your post. How can this new ban on drag possibly be considered constitutional? Could you please post a code for linking between compustat and audit analytics without CRSP and I/B/E/S? It can be constructed from, both, the 8-digit "old" CUSIP of I/B/E/S as well as the "new" 9-digit CUSIP on Compustat. * STEP FOUR: Option 2: Alternative way of matching CRSP data; * Match accounting data with fiscal yearends in month 't'. However, there will be two issues. This commit does not belong to any branch on this repository, and may belong to a fork outside of the repository. Short story taking place on a toroidal planet or moon involving flying, Bulk update symbol size units from mm to map units in rule-based symbology, Recovering from a blunder I made while emailing a professor. So the following paragraph in your code is to merge all the restatements related to a specific firm, right? For example, if a company ceases to exist, its ticker may be reassigned to another company; a company may be allotted multiple CUSIPs caused by corporate structural changes. Use MathJax to format equations. Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. Link any type of identifier (ticker, CUSIP, PERMNO, etc.) Supported methods are via CRSP and via G_Security. To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. Why are Suriname, Belize, and Guinea-Bissau classified as "Small Island Developing States"? Can I ask a dumb question about how to find the linking header table between GVKEY and IBES ticker (IBTIC) in its SECURITY table (located in /wrds/comp/sasdata/na/security/). Why is this sentence from The Great Gatsby grammatical? ** We keep one record per IBES TICKER CUSIP combination; as select *, min(sdates) as fdate, max(sdates) as ldate. A place where magic is studied and practiced? *, crspcusip. One potential script that will match it for you in less than a minute: https://gist.github.com/JoostImpink/0e5a8ae738cc8ef14baf. Many Git commands accept both tag and branch names, so creating this branch may cause unexpected behavior. The code is available on my GitHub: https://github.com/snauhaus/link_compustat_ibes. IBES - IBES ticker. I use FileZilla to download data, and now you can find SECURITY table under this route: /wrdslin/comp/sasdata/naa/security/security.sas7bdat. sign in Give me a few examples of tie scores. Type in the name, CUSIP, ticker, or various other identifiers of the company and WRDS will find corresponding elements. Thanks for contributing an answer to Quantitative Finance Stack Exchange! * Possible IBES ID (names) file to use (as of April 2006); * Detail History: ID file : 23808 unique US and Canadian company IBES TICKERs; * Summary History: IDSUM File: 15576 unique US company IBES TICKERs; * Recommendation Summary Statistics: RECDSUM File 12465 unique US company IBES tickers; * It seems that the Summary History Identifier file IDSUM is best. The script can either perform the merge via the CRSP key or via G_security. Quantitative Finance Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for finance professionals and academics. As far as I can see the CRSP/Compustat Merged dataset includes the desired linking variables for merging with CRSP. The resultant dataset aa contains unique identifiers of Audit Analytics (res_notify_key), Compustat (gvkey), CRSP (permno), and I/B/E/S (ibtic). Are you sure you want to create this branch? Merge CRSP/Compustat data with IBES data This program is intended for calculation of quarterly standardized earnings surprises (SUE) based on time-series (seasonal random walk model) and analyst EPS forecasts. The created dataset will include the Compustat records with missing permno and missing Ibes ticker. rev2023.3.3.43278. What is a word for the arcane equivalent of a monastery? Stack Exchange network consists of 181 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers.

St Clair County Police Reports, Problems Of Prescriptive Grammar, Spinach And Feta Soup Newk's, Stash Won't Let Me Transfer To Bank, Articles M