Surprisingly, sleep apnea may exacerbate cardiovascular disease (Snchez-de-la-Torre, Campos-Rodriguez, & Barb, 2012). Adepressantis a drug that tends to suppress central nervous system activity. PSY-352 Topic 2 Quiz 1 Online - GetMyAnswers.com It is much more difficult to awaken someone from sleep during stage 3 than during earlier stages. In fact, abuse of prescription opioid medications is becoming a major concern worldwide (Aquina, Marques-Baptista, Bridgeman, & Merlin, 2009; Casati, Sedefov, & Pfeiffer-Gerschel, 2012). While cognitive deficits may be the most obvious, many body systems are negatively impacted by lack of sleep. Still, people experiencing opioid withdrawal may be given methadone to make withdrawal from the drug less difficult. In fact, it has been suggested that there is no reason to think that energetic demands could not be addressed with periods of rest and inactivity (Frank, 2006; Rial et al., 2007), and some research has actually found a negative correlation between energetic demands and the amount of time spent sleeping (Capellini, Barton, McNamara, Preston, & Nunn, 2008). These symptoms usually are opposite of the effects of the drug. The heart rate slows . Increased prescriptions led to greater rates of misuse, along with greater incidence of addiction, even among patients who used these drugs as prescribed. While there is tremendous variation in any given individuals sleep needs, the National Sleep Foundation (n.d.) cites research to estimate that newborns require the most sleep (between 12 and 18 hours a night) and that this amount declines to just 79 hours by the time we are adults. Like all opioids, codeine does have abuse potential. LINK TO LEARNING: To learn more about some of the most commonly abused prescription and street drugs, check out the, LINK TO LEARNING: Feeling stressed? Alcohol, barbiturates (e.g., secobarbital, pentobarbital), Benzodiazepines (e.g., Xanax). typically follow the example of their parents more than their friends. Adenosine is a neurotransmitter that promotes sleep. As we grow older, we sleep less. Research indicates that meditation may help reduce blood pressure, and the American Heart Association suggests that meditation might be used in conjunction with more traditional treatments as a way to manage hypertension, although there is not sufficient data for a recommendation to be made (Brook et al., 2013). AK-complexis a very high amplitude pattern of brain activity that may in some cases occur in response to environmental stimuli. Thus we sleep in safe areas to reduce the chance of harm. For example, repeated use can lead to overall depletion among the monoamine neurotransmitters (dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin). People vary in terms of their ability to be hypnotized, but a review of available research suggests that most people are at least moderately hypnotizable (Kihlstrom, 2013). With repeated use of many central nervous system depressants, such as alcohol, a person becomes physically dependent upon the substance and will exhibit signs of both tolerance and withdrawal. We might even describe consciousness as a continuum that ranges from full awareness to a deep sleep. Fever. This hypnogram illustrates how an individual moves through the various stages of sleep. a. Dreams and their associated meanings vary across different cultures and periods of time. Obviously, regular narcoleptic episodes could interfere with the ability to perform ones job or complete schoolwork, and in some situations, narcolepsy can result in significant harm and injury (e.g., driving a car or operating machinery or other potentially dangerous equipment). (credit: Laurie Avocado). Furthermore, these types of behaviors ultimately disrupt sleep, although affected individuals have no memories that these behaviors have occurred (Arnulf, 2012). Identifying Internal States of the Brain | Technology Networks While individuals suffering from sleep apnea may not be aware of these repeated disruptions in sleep, they do experience increased levels of fatigue. The following describe internal states of symptoms EXCEPT? Meditative techniques have their roots in religious practices (Figure 4.21), but their use has grown in popularity among practitioners of alternative medicine. For instance, the concentration of various ions in your blood must be kept steady, along with pH and the concentration of glucose. Recent research (Horikawa, Tamaki, Miyawaki, & Kamitani, 2013) has uncovered new techniques by which researchers may effectively detect and classify the visual images that occur during dreaming by using fMRI for neural measurement of brain activity patterns, opening the way for additional research in this area. Perhaps our ancestors spent extended periods of time asleep to reduce attention to themselves from potential predators. b. absence of signs of malfunctioning. Ethanol, which we commonly refer to as alcohol, is in a class of psychoactive drugs known as depressants (Figure 4.15). (a) A typical CPAP device used in the treatment of sleep apnea is (b) affixed to the head with straps, and a mask that covers the nose and mouth. (2005) found that sleepwalking was not alleviated with the use of benzodiazepines. This chart illustrates the circadian change in body temperature over 28 hours in a group of eight young men. Nicotine is most commonly used in the form of tobacco products like cigarettes or chewing tobacco; therefore, there is a tremendous interest in developing effective smoking cessation techniques. Caffeine is found in many common medicines (such as weight loss drugs), beverages, foods, and even cosmetics (Herman & Herman, 2013). (a) This is a statue of a meditating Buddha, representing one of the many religious traditions of which meditation plays a part. Common definitions of health include: a. optimal weight and endurance. NCEH provides leadership to promote health and quality of life by preventing or controlling those diseases, birth defects, or disabilities resulting from interaction between people and the environment. Shock: Signs, Causes, and Types - Healthline Narcolepsy is associated with reduced levels of the signaling molecule hypocretin in some areas of the brain (De la Herrn-Arita & Drucker-Coln, 2012; Han, 2012), and the traditional stimulant drugs do not have direct effects on this system. Participants were told they would not feel pain, but they could press a button if they did; while they reported not feeling pain, they did, in fact, press the button, suggesting a dissociation of consciousness while in the hypnotic state (Hilgard & Hilgard, 1994). Insomnia, a consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep, is the most common of the sleep disorders. It is not uncommon for people suffering from undiagnosed or untreated sleep apnea to fear that their careers will be affected by the lack of sleep, illustrated by this statement from another patient, Im in a job where theres a premium on being mentally alert. Few people in the United States remain untouched by the recent opioid epidemic. This will be followed by brief descriptions of the effects of some of the more well-known drugs commonly used today. Theta wavesare even lower frequency (47 Hz), higher amplitude brain waves than alpha waves. All of the following are true statements concerning the health of Americans EXCEPT: a. mortality rates from smoking have declined. As you will learn when you study social roles, peoples behavior can be shaped by their expectations of how they should act in a given situation. This is illustrated by McCartys (2010) case study of a 50-year-old woman who sought help for the excessive sleepiness during normal waking hours that she had experienced for several years. This is known as the REM rebound, and it suggests that REM sleep is also homeostatically regulated. Sleep regulationrefers to the brains control of switching between sleep and wakefulness as well as coordinating this cycle with the outside world. Drug use disorders are addictive disorders, and the criteria for specific substance (drug) use disorders are described in DSM-5. When we are very young, we spend up to 16 hours a day sleeping. Alan Hobson, a neuroscientist, is credited for developing activation-synthesis theory of dreaming. Repeated use of these stimulants can have significant adverse consequences. It is often prescribed for minor pain, and it is available over-the-counter in some other countries. There is a trend that females report more somatic symptoms than males; thus, more females are diagnosed with somatic symptom disorder than males (APA, 2022). Psychological dependence on these drugs is also possible. Devices like this are designed to provide exposure to bright light to help people maintain a regular circadian cycle. Stimulant users seek aeuphoric high, feelings of intense elation and pleasure, especially in those users who take the drug via intravenous injection or smoking. Not surprisingly, insomnia treatment may take one of several different approaches. The crisis actually began in the 1990s, when pharmaceutical companies began mass-marketing pain-relieving opioid drugs like OxyContin with the promise (now known to be false) that they were non-addictive. I was really sleepy and having trouble concentrating. For example, irritability, distractibility, and impairments in cognitive and moral judgment can occur with fewer than four hours of sleep. Think meditation might help? If you lie down to take a nap and fall asleep very easily, chances are you may have sleep debt. Not able to pass stool or gas. Table 4.1shows the new recommendations, which describe sleep durations that are recommended, may be appropriate, and not recommended. Sleep is not a uniform state of being. While there are variations, there are four parts that appear consistent in bringing people into the state of suggestibility associated with hypnosis (National Research Council, 1994). You were capable of engaging in the all of the complex tasks involved with operating a motor vehicle even though you were not aware of doing so. Peritonitis - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic Restless leg syndrome is quite common and has been associated with a number of other medical diagnoses, such as chronic kidney disease and diabetes (Mahowald & Schenck, 2000). Individuals who do rotating shift work are also likely to experience disruptions in circadian cycles. Avoid alcohol, cigarettes, caffeine, and heavy meals before bed. c. absence of subjective symptoms of disease. C) the severity and duration of the problem. (Jayanthi & Ramamoorthy, 2005; Rothman, Blough, & Baumann, 2007). Aches and pains, such as severe headache and muscle and joint pain. That includes exercise and bright light from devices. Neurogenic shock is caused by damage to the central nervous system, usually a spinal cord injury. This shift in policy may be in response to the scientific communitys recommendations and/or reflect changing public opinion regarding marijuana. Normal brain functioning is altered after repeated use of these drugs. If someone stays awake for 48 consecutive hours, they could start to hallucinate. This causes blood vessels to dilate, and the skin may feel warm and flushed. They were ALL my fault. She indicated that she had fallen asleep at inappropriate or dangerous times, including while eating, while socializing with friends, and while driving her car. The virus is transmitted to people from wild animals and spreads in the human population through human-to-human transmission. Popular portrayals of hypnosis have led to some widely-held misconceptions. The prevalence rates for somatic disorders are often difficult to determine; however, overall estimates of somatic symptom disorder are around 4-6%. (credit a: modification of work by Jim Epler; credit b: modification of work by Caleb Roenigk), video about circadian rhythms and how they affect sleep, video that gives sleep tips for college students, video about the relationship between sleep and memory, instructional video about using Buddhist meditation techniques to alleviate stress, video about the results of a brain imaging study in individuals who underwent specific mindfulness meditative techniques, https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, Cocaine, amphetamines (including some ADHD medications such as Adderall), methamphetamines, MDMA (Ecstasy or Molly), Increased heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature. Reduced urine. Stage 3is often referred to as deep sleep or slow-wave sleep because this stage is characterized by low frequency (less than 3 Hz), high amplitudedelta waves(Figure 4.10). Disorganized Thinking. MDMA (3.4-methelynedioxy-methamphetamine, commonly known as ecstasy or Molly) is a mild stimulant with perception-altering effects. The brain waves associated with this stage of sleep are very similar to those observed when a person is awake, as shown inFigure 4.11, and this is the period of sleep in which dreaming occurs. In the therapeutic setting, a clinician may use relaxation and suggestion in an attempt to alter the thoughts and perceptions of a patient. We experience different states of consciousness and different levels of awareness on a regular basis. The typical positive symptoms of schizophrenia , such as hallucinatory experiences or fixed delusional beliefs, tend to be very upsetting and disruptivenot a positive experience at all for you or someone you care about who is experiencing them. Drugs in this category include cocaine, amphetamines (including methamphetamine), cathinones (i.e., bath salts), MDMA (ecstasy), nicotine, and caffeine. Here are some tips to maintain healthy sleep: Aparasomniais one of a group of sleep disorders in which unwanted, disruptive motor activity and/or experiences during sleep play a role. . On January 16, 1997, Scott Falater sat down to dinner with his wife and children and told them about difficulties he was experiencing on a project at work. The first three stages of sleep are NREM sleep, while the fourth and final stage of sleep is REM sleep. Evolutionary psychologyis a discipline that studies how universal patterns of behavior and cognitive processes have evolved over time as a result ofnatural selection. Thecollective unconscious, as described byJung, is a theoretical repository of information he believed to be shared by everyone. In other words, physical dependence in and of itself is of limited utility in determining whether or not someone has a substance use disorder. While hypnosis is generally achieved through the interaction of a therapist and the person being treated, an individual can perform meditation alone. While "internal state" or impulsivity are terms more generally discussed in psychology or neuroscience, the concept is familiar to anyone. The hypnogram below (Figure 4.12) shows a persons passage through the stages of sleep. Feeling tired. Just as bears hibernate in the winter when resources are scarce, perhaps people sleep at night to reduce their energy expenditures. While amphetamines are often abused, they are also commonly prescribed to children diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). There may be many factors that contribute to insomnia, including age, drug use, exercise, mental status, and bedtime routines. It may feel like alcohol helps you sleep, but it actually disrupts REM sleep and leads to frequent awakenings. d. both b and c. 2. Signs of inflammation help healthcare providers in making a diagnosis. Causes. There are a variety of drugs that treat restless leg syndrome: benzodiazepines, opiates, and anticonvulsants (Restless Legs Syndrome Foundation, n.d.). For example, Hobson (2009) suggests that dreaming may represent a state of protoconsciousness. This pattern of temperature fluctuation, which repeats every day, is one example of a circadian rhythm. 2. Marijuana, LSD, Peyote, mescaline, DMT, dissociative anesthetics including ketamine and PCP, Increased heart rate and blood pressure that may dissipate over time, Mild to intense perceptual changes with high variability in effects based on strain, method of ingestion, and individual differences, Understand what is meant by consciousness, Explain how circadian rhythms are involved in regulating the sleep-wake cycle, and how circadian cycles can be disrupted, Describe areas of the brain involved in sleep, Understand hormone secretions associated with sleep, Describe several theories aimed at explaining the function of sleep, Differentiate between REM and non-REM sleep, Describe the differences between the three stages of non-REM sleep, Understand the role that REM and non-REM sleep play in learning and memory, Describe the symptoms and treatments of insomnia, Recognize the symptoms of several parasomnias, Describe the symptoms and treatments for sleep apnea, Recognize risk factors associated with sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and steps to prevent it, Describe the symptoms and treatments for narcolepsy. In contrast, a person who haspsychological dependencehas an emotional, rather than physical, need for the drug and may use the drug to relieve psychological distress. As a result, many of us sleep less than 78 hours a night and accrue a sleep debt. Thus, opioid drugs, which mimic this endogenous painkilling mechanism, have an extremely high potential for abuse. There may also be differences in both brain structure and function in infants that die from SIDS (Berkowitz, 2012; Mage & Donner, 2006; Thach, 2005). Signs and Symptoms | Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever | CDC Gastrointestinal symptoms including abdominal pain, diarrhea, and vomiting. While medical marijuana laws have been passed on a state-by-state basis, federal laws still classify this as an illicit substance, making conducting research on the potentially beneficial medicinal uses of marijuana problematic. Infants younger than 12 months appear to be at the highest risk for SIDS, and boys have a greater risk than girls. Primary signs and symptoms of Ebola often include some or several of the following: Fever. These brain areas include the prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia. The amount of sleep we get varies across the lifespan. Using crystal meth poses a number of serious long-term health issues, including dental problems (often called meth mouth), skin abrasions caused by excessive scratching, memory loss, sleep problems, violent behavior, paranoia, and hallucinations. It was getting to the point where it was kind of scary (Henry & Rosenthal, 2013, p. 52). Medical marijuana is legal in over half of the United States and in the District of Columbia (Figure 4.19). Furthermore, slow-wave sleep after learning a new task can improve resultant performance on that task (Huber, Ghilardi, Massimini, & Tononi, 2004) and seems essential for effective memory formation (Stickgold, 2005). When people have difficulty getting sleep due to their work or the demands of day-to-day life, they accumulate a sleep debt. This section will present information relating to the use of various psychoactive drugs and problems associated with such use. Watch this, Sleep, which we all experience, is a quiet and mysterious pause in our daily lives. Drugwithdrawalincludes a variety of negative symptoms experienced when drug use is discontinued. Many of these drugs act as agonists of the dopamine neurotransmitter system. Some newer CPAP masks are smaller and cover only the nose. As an individual continues through stage 1 sleep, there is an increase in theta wave activity. In some cases, though, there may be no symptoms of inflammation at all. Amphetamines have a mechanism of action quite similar to cocaine in that they block the reuptake of dopamine in addition to stimulating its release (Figure 4.16). For instance, if a woman dreams about being chased by a snake, Freud might have argued that this represents the womans fear of sexual intimacy, with the snake serving as a symbol of a mans penis. Insleepwalking, or somnambulism, the sleeper engages in relatively complex behaviors ranging from wandering about to driving an automobile. Its simply that they feel so overwhelmed and stressed that they cannot fall asleep or stay asleep. Two of them I didnt even know I was involved in until afterwards (Henry & Rosenthal, 2013, p. 52). Access for free athttps://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction. Two theories attempt to answer this question: One theory views hypnosis as dissociation and the other theory views it as the performance of a social role. Manifest contentis the actual content, or storyline, of a dream. Sleep reboundrefers to the fact that a sleep-deprived individual will fall asleep more quickly during subsequent opportunities for sleep. Opium, Heroin, Fentanyl, Morphine, Oxycodone, Vicoden, methadone, and other prescription pain relievers, Decreased pain, pupil dilation, decreased gut motility, decreased respiratory function. In individuals diagnosed with a substance use disorder, there is a compulsive pattern of drug use that is often associated with both physical and psychological dependence. Like hypnosis, meditation also shows promise in stress management, sleep quality (Caldwell, Harrison, Adams, Quin, & Greeson, 2010), treatment of mood and anxiety disorders (Chen et al., 2013; Freeman et al., 2010; Vllestad, Nielsen, & Nielsen, 2012), and pain management (Reiner, Tibi, & Lipsitz, 2013). In some cases, users experience vivid visual hallucinations. This can lead to people compulsively using stimulants such as cocaine and amphetamines, in part to try to reestablish the persons physical and psychological pre-use baseline. Sleep apnea is defined as a reduction or cessation of breathing during sleep. While this is an intuitive explanation of sleep, there is little research that supports this explanation. Once awakened from a narcoleptic attack, people report that they feel refreshed (Chokroverty, 2010). Try going to bed and waking up at the same time every day to keep your biological clock in sync so your body gets in the habit of sleeping every night. Interestingly, since the advent of electric light, the amount of sleep that people get has declined. Comparative research indicates, however, that the relationship that exists between predatory risk and sleep is very complex and equivocal. As scary as it sounds, many sleep researchers believe that homicidal sleepwalking is possible in individuals suffering from the types of sleep disorders described below (Broughton et al., 1994; Cartwright, 2004; Mahowald, Schenck, & Cramer Bornemann, 2005; Pressman, 2007). the ability to spend time, good time with them when youre not feeling absolutely exhausted . Upset stomach and vomiting. Given that college students are notorious for suffering from significant sleep debt (Hicks, Fernandez, & Pelligrini, 2001; Hicks, Johnson, & Pelligrini, 1992; Miller, Shattuck, & Matsangas, 2010), chances are you and your classmates deal with sleep debt-related issues on a regular basis. Drug withdrawal is usually an aversive experience, and it can be a life-threatening process in individuals who have a long history of very high doses of alcohol and/or barbiturates. week 3 midterm 1.docx - Question 1 1 / 1 pts John has been Brainwave activity changes dramatically across the different stages of sleep. Physiologically, the body can become addicted to opiate drugs in less than a week, including when taken as prescribed. Many people experience disturbances in their sleep at some point in their lives. To keep heroin affordable, many dealers began adding more potent synthetic opioids including fentanyl and carfentanyl to increase the effects of heroin. Many of these processes, like much of psychological behavior, are rooted in our biology. This figure illustrates some of the negative consequences of sleep deprivation. Contrary to popular belief, individuals undergoing hypnosis usually have clear memories of the hypnotic experience and are in control of their own behaviors. It is relatively easy to wake someone from stage 1 sleep; in fact, people often report that they have not been asleep if they are awoken during stage 1 sleep. Getting the optimal amount of sleep has also been associated with other cognitive benefits. Sleep-wake cycles seem to be controlled by multiple brain areas acting in conjunction with one another. A womans menstrual cycle is an example of a biological rhythma recurring, cyclical pattern of bodily changes. Complications. b. life expectancy has reached a new high. For example, around one third of individuals diagnosed with narcolepsy experience vivid, dream-like hallucinations during narcoleptic attacks (Chokroverty, 2010). Among a variety of neurobiological evidence, John Hobson cites research on lucid dreams as an opportunity to better understand dreaming in general. Rotating shift workrefers to a work schedule that changes from early to late on a daily or weekly basis. Heavy meals may make you sleepy, but they can also lead to frequent awakenings due to gastric distress. Thirst. It is possible that even the processing of emotional information is influenced by certain aspects of sleep (Walker, 2009). Methadone clinicshelp people who previously struggled with opioid addiction manage withdrawal symptoms through the use of methadone. It appeared that Scott Falater had killed his wife in his sleep, or at least, that is the defense he used when he was tried for his wifes murder (Cartwright, 2004; CNN, 1999). Often, however, people wishing to learn to meditate receive some training in techniques to achieve a meditative state. As one of their mechanisms of action, cocaine and amphetamines block the reuptake of dopamine from the synapse into the presynaptic cell. It may surprise you to know that sleep deprivation is associated with obesity, increased blood pressure, increased levels of stress hormones, and reduced immune functioning (Banks & Dinges, 2007). In the wake of the opiate epidemic, many drug cartels in Mexico are shifting from producing heroin to producing highly potent but inexpensive forms of methamphetamine.
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