scottish vs irish facial features

(2018). Factors influencing facial shape, in Evidenced-Based Orthodontics. This group is also sometimes referred to as black Irish. Phenotype-specific enrichment of Mendelian disorder genes near GWAS regions across 62 complex traits. bioRxiv, Gibney, E., and Nolan, C. (2010). (2018). A comparison of the prevalence of prenatal alcohol exposure obtained via maternal self-reports versus meconium testing: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis. J. Craniomaxillofac. Genes are likely to influence more than one facial trait. doi: 10.3174/ajnr.A3415, Som, P. M., and Naidich, T. P. (2014). (2010). The facial surface is readily visible and identifiable with a close relationship to the underlying cartilaginous and skeletal structures (Stephan et al., 2005; Wilkinson et al., 2006; De Greef et al., 2006; Al Ali et al., 2014b; Shrimpton et al., 2014). doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60695-4, Muggli, E., Matthews, H., Penington, A., Claes, P., OLeary, C., Forster, D., et al. - Highlighting what is known about shared facial traits, medical conditions and genes. Forensic Sci. (2007). doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-015410, Marazita, M. (2007). Child 41, 454471. doi: 10.1038/nrg2322, Weinberg, S., Naidoo, S., Bardi, K., Brandon, C., Neiswanger, K., Resick, J., et al. Even with relatively long acquisition times for some photogrammetric, MRI, CT, and CBCT systems, facial landmark reliability of less than 0.5 mm can be achieved (Kau et al., 2005, 2007; Liu et al., 2012). Irish Dance A Critical Evaluation of Facial Characteristics and Their Association with Antisocial Behaviour and Psychosis. Your dinner is not Alcohol. Cleft lip and palate. facial features J. Res. 67, 489497. Gene association with regionalized facial features in normal populations. Biol. Permutation testing is a valid alternative for more conservative tests such as Bonferroni (Sham and Purcell, 2014). However, some common Irish facial features include: a high cheekbones, a long, thin nose, and a sharp chin. reddit (2018). Am. There have been nine GWAS studies and it is appropriate to try and integrate their findings through a meta-analysis. 1. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0177(199904)214:4<291::AID-AJA2>3.0.CO;2-E, Beaty, T. H., Murray, J. C., Marazita, M. L., Munger, R. G., Ruczinski, I., Hetmanski, J. 38, 493502. With any change in face shape the complex processes and communications at the biological and genome levels need to be identified and explained. R. Soc. 45, 414419. doi: 10.2217/epi-2017-0095, Sharp, G. C., Ho, K., Davies, A., Stergiakouli, E., Humphries, K., McArdle, W., et al. Oral Radiol. doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006174, Cole, J. doi: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2018.04.004, Claes, P., Liberton, D. K., Daniels, K., Rosana, K. M., Quillen, E. E., Pearson, L. N., et al. Eur. PLoS Genet. B Biol. Molecular studies have shown that the growth, structure and patternation of the facial primordia is controlled by a series of complex interactions that involves many factors such as fibroblast growth factors, sonic hedgehog proteins, bone morphogenetic proteins, homeobox genes Barx1 and Msx1, the distal-less homeobox (Dlx) genes, and local retinoic acid gradients (Barlow et al., 1999; Hu and Helms, 1999; Lee et al., 2001; Ashique et al., 2002; Mossey et al., 2009; Marcucio et al., 2015; Parsons et al., 2015). doi: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2015.02.003, Keating, B., Bansal, A. T., Walsh, S., Millman, J., Newman, J., Kidd, K., et al. doi: 10.1038/s41588-018-0065-4, Farkas, L. G., Eiben, O. G., Sivkov, S., Tompson, B., Katic, M. J., and Forrest, C. R. (2004). doi: 10.1002/bdrc.20117, Shrimpton, S., Daniels, K., de Greef, S., Tilotta, F., Willems, G., Vandermeulen, D., et al. Perceptions of epigenetics. Cell Dev. Vig (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell). Facial This includes high cheekbones, a bent nose, reddish brown skin tone and coarse, dark hair. WebIn the combinations sc/sg and st/sd , Irish now uses sc and st , while Scottish Gaelic uses sg and both sd and st , despite there being no phonetic difference between the two languages. In addition, it is likely that one or more genes influence the whole shape of the face as well as more localized facial regions (Claes et al., 2018). A Scottish accent is conscious of their Rs and Gs in ing, compared to the Irish accent, which t must use words softly. They are roughly the same regardless of language, because of mixed ancestry over a long time. After the ice age, the first hunter-gatherers came wi doi: 10.1002/bies.20522, Gven, O. Scottish sounds very aggressive while the Irish sounds lively. Comparison of three-dimensional surface-imaging systems. Surg. doi: 10.1126/science.aag0776, Fink, B., and Penton-Voak, I. doi: 10.1007/s00439-013-1283-6, Beldie, L., Walker, B., Lu, Y., Richmond, S., and Middleton, J. Toma, A. M., Zhurov, A., Playle, R., and Richmond, S. (2008). 39, 57106. Oral Med. Dental anomalies as part of the cleft spectrum. Orthodont. Hum. (2013). The development of the face involves a coordinated complex series of embryonic events. Am. Its a doi: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.12.021, Peng, S., Tan, J., Hu, S., Zhou, H., Guo, J., Jin, L., et al. Rep. 5:17788. doi: 10.1038/srep17788, Xuan, Z., Zhongpeng, Y., Yanjun, G., Jiaqi, D., Yuchi, Z., Bing, S., et al. (2018). Most modern Celts have dark hair and a red beard. doi: 10.1093/ejo/cjv062, Smith, G. D., and Ebrahim, S. (2003). Aesthetic. Oral Maxillofac. J. Anat. Why Your Latest Results Could Include More Scotland In Your Difference Between Scottish and Irish Judging by the looks of all the peoples known to have a strong Celtic background, and according to some historical sources, Id say that Celts were Sci. Heredity 105:4. doi: 10.1038/hdy.2010.54, Gluckman, P. D., Hanson, M. A., and Beedle, A. S. (2007). The HIrisPlex-S system for eye, hair and skin colour prediction from DNA: introduction and forensic developmental validation. Different genetic models, genotyping and imputation techniques have been employed and the between-study heterogeneity should be considered. 32, 122. 1. Genet. doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddh052, Stephan, C., Norris, R., and Henneberg, M. (2005). Orienting the causal relationship between imprecisely measured traits using GWAS summary data. WebLike Italian faces, the Irish ones seem to have a wisdom -- they've seen the worst the world can dish out, the difference being that the Irish are still proud of being tough enough to 143, 845854. Genet. Biol. Surgical procedures are not always simple as often in CL/P patients there is often insufficient tissues available (epidermis/dermis, cartilage and bone with disrupted orientation of muscle fibers). The disruption of neuro-facial developmental and maturational processes can lead to widespread and long-lasting abnormalities in central nervous system structure and functions and some of these disturbances will also be accompanied with subtle differences in facial features (Hennessy et al., 2010). The role of sonic hedgehog in normal and abnormal craniofacial morphogenesis. 26, 6469. J. Orthod. Am. Face shape differs in phylogenetically related populations. Cha, S., Lim, J. E., Park, A. Y., Do, J. H., Lee, S. W., Shin, C., et al. scottish vs irish facial featurescbc news nl here and now. doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006149, Sham, P. C., and Purcell, S. M. (2014). doi: 10.1242/dev.135434, Bulik-Sullivan, B., Finucane, H. K., Anttila, V., Gusev, A., Day, F. R., Loh, P. R., et al. PRDM16 is linked to the length and the prominence of the nose as well as the width of the alae, SOX9 is thought to be related to the shape of the ala and nose tip, variation in SUPT3H is thought to influence naso-labial angle and shape of the bridge of the nose, while centroid size (squared root of the squared distances of all landmarks of the face from the centroid) and allometry (relationship of size to shape) have been linked to PDE8A and SCHIP17 genes, respectively, (Cole et al., 2016). doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-009027, Al Ali, A., Richmond, S., Popat, H., Toma, A. M., Playle, R., Pickles, T., et al. (2013). Sci. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(16)30054-7, Al Ali, A., Richmond, S., Popat, H., Playle, R., Pickles, T., Zhurov, A. I., et al. Int. (2016). (2007). doi: 10.1111/ipd.12072, Attanasio, C., Nord, A. S., Zhu, Y., Blow, M. J., Li, Z., Liberton, D. K., et al. However, the sample sizes and inconsistencies in research design and particularly statistical management have yielded mixed results. They are, of course, there, but literally at units. For an individual who can sit still with a neutral facial posture in natural head position, the speed of capture is not critical. Int. (2009). Genetic determination of human facial morphology: links between cleft-lips and normal variation. They both use potatoes, oats, barley, dairy products, lamb, bacon, herring, salmon, scallops, and beef. hundreds of millions of sequences) as well as biomarkers for medical conditions generates massive and complex data sets. (2017). It only takes an hour to cross the Irish Sea from Scotland - but sometimes it can feel like you're on the other side of the world. Part A 143, 11431149. Sci. (1999). To quantify facial features, landmarks have been traditionally used, taken either directly from the face or derived from photographs or radiographs. They just released a fascinating study which aligns many pictures of individuals from every country and created composite images of what the average face would look like. A proposed multivariate model for prediction of facial growth. First, a major issue is that epigenetic modifications can vary across different tissues. English, Irish, Scots: Theyre All One, Genes Suggest (2002). J. Hum. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyg070, Som, P. M., and Naidich, T. P. (2013). (2003). Dev. car auctions brisbane airport. For example, there is evidence that nose shape has been under historical selection in certain climates (Weiner, 1954; Zaidi et al., 2017). 33, 817825. Craniofac. Int. Early growth genetics (EGG) consortium. You also have the ginger/red hair colour that is quite common on the british isles, most common in Ireland and Scotland, I believe. Although, it is known that the PAX3 influences the prominence of the bridge of the nose it is more challenging to know to what extent this influences adjacent facial regions in each individual. doi: 10.1038/s41588-018-0100-5, Idemyor, V. (2014). 11, 154158. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. doi: 10.1006/jhev.2000.0403, Jablonski, N. G., and Chaplin, G. (2010). Associations of mandibular and facial asymmetriesa review. EX. Admixture in Latin America: geographic structure, phenotypic diversity and self-perception of ancestry based on 7,342 individuals. 34, 22332240. Dixon, M. J., Marazita, M. L., Beaty, T. H., and Murray, J. C. (2011). The Irish temperament is world-famous. Estimating the sex-specific effects of genes on facial attractiveness and sexual dimorphism. The maternal environment is thought to play an important role with regards to orofacial clefts. In addition, there is evidence of pleiotropy, quantitative phenotypes and Mendelian traits all influencing multiple phenotypes suggesting a large number of loci contribute additively to facial variation. Med. Top. Int. Breast 16, 137145. (2018b). Genet. Res. Am. (2017). (2017). Orthod. The first thing guests are offered when entering an Irish persons home is a cup of tea. What the Average Person Looks Like in (2016). doi: 10.1093/ejo/cjs107, Al Ali, A., Richmond, S., Popat, H., Toma, A. M., Playle, R., Zhurov, A. I., et al. Generally, most modifiable environmental factors have only subtle effects on the face. With special thanks to Joel. Sci. 3. 12:e1006174. Direc. Int. Cleft. Contrastingly, previous estimates suggest that antero-posterior face height, mandibular body length, ramus height, upper vermillion height, nasal width and maxillary protrusion are more strongly influenced by environmental factors (Jelenkovic et al., 2010; Djordjevic et al., 2016; Sidlauskas et al., 2016; Cole et al., 2017; Tsagkrasoulis et al., 2017). The various acquisition techniques (photographs, MRI, laser and photogrammetry) have been used in different studies and all have identified the PAX3 gene associated with the shape of the nasal root area (Liu et al., 2012; Paternoster et al., 2012; Adhikari et al., 2016; Shaffer et al., 2016; Claes et al., 2018). Facial phenotypes can influence mate choice and be under selection pressures. 80, 359369. 128, 424430. J. Epidemiol. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.20424. SR, ES, LH, and SL highlighted the shared facial traits. Second, when testing causality, epigenetic modifications can vary across the life-course, so it can be difficult to discern the direction of effect between an epigenetic modification and the phenotype. (2011). (2016). 12, 615618. (2009). Indeed, a previous study demonstrated that a major risk locus for non-syndromic cleft lip/palate (nsCL/P), in a non-coding interval, is involved in the regulation of gene expression in the developing murine face (Uslu et al., 2014) while another study found some evidence that nsCL/P genetic variants may influence nsCL/P risk via changes in DNA methylation and gene expression (Howe et al., 2018b). BMJ Open. Genet. Acad. doi: 10.1111/joa.12365, Dawei, W., Guozheng, Q., Mingli, Z., and Farkas, L. G. (1997). List of genes and SNPs associated with normal variation ranked by chromosome position (GWAS). (2005). Face shape of unaffected parents with cleft affected offspring: combining three-dimensional surface imaging and geometric morphometrics. Genet. 371:20150380. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0380, Hennessy, R. J., Baldwin, P. A., Browne, D. J., Kinsella, A., and Waddington, J. L. (2010). Genomewide association study of african children identifies association of SCHIP1 and PDE8A with facial size and shape. Historically, craniofacial genetic research has understandably focused on identifying the causes of craniofacial anomalies and it has only been within the last 10 years, that there has been a drive to detail the biological basis of normal-range facial variation. doi: 10.1007/s00266-001-0033-7, Lee, M. K., Shaffer, J. R., Leslie, E. J., Orlova, E., Carlson, J. C., Feingold, E., et al. (2001). Scottish vs The sheer volume of data collected in imaging genetics from images (hundreds of thousands of points), omics datasets (genomics, transcriptomics and cell-specific expression signals etc. 227, 474486. Int. Couldn't necessarily say what exactly it is but yeah, but not 44, 270281. Genet. Large-scale objective phenotyping of 3D facial morphology. Genet. Hammond, P., and Suttie, M. (2012). The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Embryonic features that contribute to facial development. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 674685. Predominantly genetic influences have been reported for anterior face height, relative prominence of the maxilla and mandible, width of the face/nose, nasal root shape, naso-labial angle, allometry and centroid size (Carels et al., 2001; Carson, 2006; Jelenkovic et al., 2010; Djordjevic et al., 2013a,b, 2016; Cole et al., 2017; Tsagkrasoulis et al., 2017). Craniofacial enhancers have also been identified acting between the non-coding regions and proposed as a possible instrumental factor in some cleft cases (Wilderman et al., 2018). 14:e1007501. Irish facial features arlene stafford wilson Lancet Oncol. Development 143, 26772688. doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006616. Asymmetry is preserved in some of these techniques. There are over 25,000 registered Scottish tartans. Scottish accent vs Irish accent (funny There are many published norms for different racial/population groups used to identify individuals who fall within the normal range and identify any facial dysmorphologies. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyy032. Rev. Craniofacial Res. 33:245. The limited evidence for genetic correlation between facial and other traits has been reported in Table 3. Evol. J. doi: 10.1007/s002669900123. Prevention may be challenging (other than continually improving environmental conditions and reducing exposure to potential epigenetic factors) as facial development occurs very early in gestation during a period whereby the mother is often unaware she is pregnant. Its what gives Irish Whiskey its often, not always, lighter and smoother taste, while Scotch will often taste heavier and fuller. One of the key differences is that the Prince Charlie has more buttons, as well as silk tails on the back. Down syndrome, cleft lip and/or palate, Prader-Willi syndrome, and Treacher Collins syndrome can all present with facial abnormalities and genetic loci associated with them have been studied in relation to normal facial development (Boehringer et al., 2011; Brinkley et al., 2016). AJNR Am. Biol. Z., Segurel, L., Tung, J. Y., and Hinds, D. A. Morphometrics, 3D imaging, and craniofacial development. Biol. Similarly, the naso-labial angle will be associated with nose prominence and DCHS2 is linked to both traits. (2013). Transgenerational epigenetics and brain disorders. doi: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2007.01.037, Kau, C. H., Richmond, S., Incrapera, A., English, J., and Xia, J. J. Almond-shaped, heavy eyes are characteristic of Cherokee Indians, a trait that is due to an extra fold in the eyelid. Proc. Genet. A 123a, 211230. TABLE 2. Am. SR and LH outlined the overall manuscript. Aesthetic. Non-syndromic cleft lip/palate (nsCL/P) is a birth defect with a complex etiology, primarily affecting the upper lip and palate (Mossey et al., 2009; Dixon et al., 2011). Mol. The pattern of facial skeletal growth and its relationship to various common indexes of maturation. empire medical training membership. 41, 324330. (2014). A 3D morphometric perspective for facial gender analysis and classification using geodesic path curvature features. Stability and flexibility of epigenetic gene regulation in mammalian development. Genet. Surg. - Understanding the etiology of craniofacial anomalies; e.g., unaffected family members of individuals with non-syndromic cleft lip/palate (nsCL/P) have been shown to differ in terms of normal-range facial variation to the general population suggesting an etiological link between facial morphology and nsCL/P. Irish Ceili (pronounced "kay-lee) Dancing is a very traditional dance form. (2014). Hum. 13:e1006616. It originated in the 1500's and is always performed to traditional Irish music. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-60964-5_59. Genetic evidence of assortative mating in humans. Focusing on specific phenotypes and genetic variants in families will identify additional rare variants should be followed-up with a combination of genotyping and deep re-sequencing of the variants or genes of interest in large numbers of cases and controls. 122, 6371. N. Sharman (London: BBC One, BBC), 2 minutes. Rep. 7:45885. doi: 10.1038/srep45885, Tzou, C. H., Artner, N. M., Pona, I., Hold, A., Placheta, E., Kropatsch, W. G., et al. 42, 525529. Anthropol. Philos. 122, 680690. Genet. doi: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2015.05.011, Mitchem, D. G., Purkey, A. M., Grebe, N. M., Carey, G., Garver-Apgar, C. E., Bates, T. C., et al. (2016). doi: 10.1111/j.1601-6343.2008.00428.x, Toma, A. M., Zhurov, A. I., Playle, R., Marshall, D., Rosin, P. L., and Richmond, S. (2012). Post-natally, facial growth tends to follow general somatic growth with periods of steady increments in size interspersed with periods of rapid growth with the peak growth occurring at puberty (Tanner et al., 1966a,b; Bhatia et al., 1979; Kau and Richmond, 2008; Richmond et al., 2009; Richmond S. et al., 2018). doi: 10.1002/humu.22054, Heike, C. L., Upson, K., Stuhaug, E., and Weinberg, S. M. (2010). Dis. Not too strongly different. The British Keltic type. And the Anglo-Saxon type. Physically speaking there's no stark contrast. Infact I've seen self Sci. Human facial shape and size heritability and genetic correlations. In a female, the width is roughly the same proportion, but the foot is just longer than the face is high, and the hand is at most 3/4 of the same height. 24, 579589. Int. Over time, facial morphology across populations has been influenced by various factors, such as migration, mate-choice, survival and climate, which have contributed to variation in facial phenotypes. The Argyle has fewer buttons and is suitable for daytime and evening use. Hu, D., and Helms, J. 37, 6271. doi: 10.1002/rcs.352, Bhatia, S. N., Wright, G. W., and Leighton, B. C. (1979). 2003. Different facial measures have been applied to facial images obtained from a variety of acquisition systems (2D and 3D). Biol. Int. on the growth of the face, for example, remodeling of the facial skeleton, spatial changes of the constituent parts of the facial skeleton through sutures, condylar and nasal cartilages as well as the soft tissues, neural and vascular networks. There's also some more darker features in some people, like black hair and brown eyes. But light eyes and freckles are much more common. Genet. 75, 264281. Genet. Large-scale in-vivo Caucasian facial soft tissue thickness database for craniofacial reconstruction. 1), 101116. From birth to adulthood there are significant body and facial changes. 115, 5173. The evolution of human skin coloration. However, previous studies investigating gene-smoking interactions in the etiology of birth defects have produced mixed results (Shi et al., 2008). Hum. J. Med. ORahilly, R. (1972). 50, 513508. bioRxiv:322255. Sci. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1711125114, Little, A. C., Burt, D. M., Penton-Voak, I. S., and Perrett, D. I. 50, 319321. Genomic views of distant-acting enhancers. GWAS studies coupled with high-resolution three-dimensional imaging of the face have enabled the study of the spatial relationship of facial landmarks in great detail. Previous studies have used DNA methylation in blood as a proxy for methylation in lip and palate tissues. A genome-wide association study of cleft lip with and without cleft palate identifies risk variants near MAFB and ABCA4. J. Environ. 21, 548553. doi: 10.3390/ijerph10115953. Confirming genes influencing risk to cleft lip with/without cleft palate in a case-parent trio study. Int. JAMA Pediatr. 1:0016. This initiative has been facilitated by the availability of low-cost hi-resolution three Eur. Visualizing and automatic detection of facial phenotypes and determining their prevalence in population groups will facilitate case-control evaluations to determine genetic variants. Investigating the case of human nose shape and climate adaptation. Eur. CELT, or Kelt, the generic name of an ancient people, the bulk of whom inhabited the central and western parts of Europe. SR, ES, SL, and LH wrote the section Craniofacial Shape Gene Discovery. WebDiscover the Northern Irish accent. (2006). Some reported genes appear to influence different parts of the face. 2. A. - Many factors such as ancestry, sex, eye/hair color as well as distinctive facial features (such as, shape of the chin, cheeks, eyes, forehead, lips, and nose) can be identified or estimated using an individuals genetic data, with potential applications in healthcare and forensics. Sometimes Cherokees have crooked fingers, especially the little fingers. louiseber 5 yr. ago. Orthodont. Int. Scottish tartans are a representation of a Scottish clan, and each Scottish family has their own tartan, distinguished by their surname. Eur. doi: 10.1111/adj.12101, Hysi, P. G., Valdes, A. M., Liu, F., Furlotte, N. A., Evans, D. M., Bataille, V., et al. The timing, vectors and duration of surges in facial growth tend to be different for males and females and between populations contributing to overall facial variation (Kau et al., 2010; Hopman et al., 2014; Richmond R.C. 21, 137143. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2003.08.003, Hochheiser, H., Aronow, B. J., Artinger, K., Beaty, T. H., Brinkley, J. F., Chai, Y., et al. They intermarried with other tribes in Ireland and the results were blue and green-eyed people with black hair and fair skin. J. Craniofac. An atlas of genetic correlations across human diseases and traits. Acad. For infants and individuals with unpredictable facial or bodily movements a faster acquisition time will be required although reliability of achieving the same facial posture will be significantly reduced. Genet. Webno, but I can spot a scumbag by their face alone. Exp. A. Kau, C. H., Richmond, S., Zhurov, A., Ovsenik, M., Tawfik, W., Borbely, P., et al. Indeed, there is evidence to suggest that high levels of prenatal alcohol exposure can influence facial morphology; individuals with fetal alcohol syndrome disorders can present with facial abnormalities (Hoyme et al., 2016) as well as other developmental anomalies such as caudate nucleus asymmetry and reduced mass of the brain (Suttie et al., 2018). Richmond, S. A., Ali, A. M., Beldi, L., Chong, Y. T., Cronin, A., Djordjevic, J., et al. 34, 655664. J. Plast. Difference Between Scottish and Irish If you watched at least one episode of Father Ted, you may already have an understanding of the Irish and our affinity for this beverage. Enhancers have a specific role in the expression of a target gene in different cells, anatomical regions and during different developmental time-points (Visel et al., 2009; Attanasio et al., 2013; Wilderman et al., 2018). However, recent studies suggest that DNA has the potential to identify an individual from a small group of possible candidates (Claes et al., 2014; Biedermann et al., 2015; Kayser, 2015). Two-step epigenetic Mendelian randomization: a strategy for establishing the causal role of epigenetic processes in pathways to disease.

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